Elongase promoters

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the use of recombinant DNA technology in the modification of plant oils. In particular, the invention relates to the identification of novel promoter sequences of the FAE1-1 and FAE1-2 genes of  Brassica napus  and the FAE1 gene of  Arabidopsis thaliana.  The invention also relates to the host cells and plants transformed with the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, and methods of producing oil.

[0001] The present invention relates to the application of recombinant DNA technology in the modification of plant oils.

[0002] Plants accumulate various types of storage compounds in their seed to allow the seedling to germinate and establish itself. Depending upon the species, the main storage compounds can be starch, proteins, or lipids (oils). The seed specificity of synthesis of the storage compounds and their accumulation pattern varies between the different compounds. Starch, for example, undergoes enhanced production in the seed, and accumulates in the leaves daily. Storage proteins, on the other hand, are only expressed, often at high levels, during seed development and remain specific to the seed. Plant lipids not only undergo enhanced production in seeds, but require seed specific modifications to their fatty acid composition. These modifications, which include changes in fatty acid chain length, oxygenation, for example to produce hydroxy- or epoxy-fatty acids, and introduction of branching in the carbon chain, require seed specific enzymes and can be detrimental to other plant tissues. Most of these modifications are also species dependent.

[0003] In plants such as oilseed rape, linseed, or sunflower the total amount of oil can account for over 40% of the seed weight, with a nearly equal quantity of proteins. In other species, such as soybean or peanut, whilst oil is a major component of the seed, protein is the dominant storage product. Considerable effort has been put into understanding the metabolic pathway leading to oil, with the ultimate aim of manipulating the product.

[0004] One way of manipulating oil quality in plants is by the use of recombinant DNA technology. For example, transgenes which affect oil production may be expressed in a plant whose oil it is desired to modify. In such methods, it is advantageous to express the transgenes during the period of oil accumulation in seed development.

[0005] This may be achieved by the use of a seed specific promoter, operably linked to the transgene of interest. An example of such a promoter is the 2S, napin, storage protein promoter (Calgene Inc., EP 0 255 278 B1) which is strongly expressed during seed development. This promoter, however, initiates transgene expression 3 to 5 days after oil accumulation begins, and so opportunity to influence at least 20% of the total oil accumulated is lost. To improve the timing of expression it is possible to use promoters derived from fatty acid synthetase genes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acyl carrier protein (ACP) or enoyl-ACP reductase (Töpfer et al., WO 95/07357). Whilst these promoter sequences allow transgene expression during the entire period of oil accumulation, they result in seed enhanced rather than seed specific expression. The resulting expression in other plant tissues such as leaves is undesirable as is apparent from consideration of natural mutants of Brassicus napus which are unable to make linolenic acid in seeds or leaves, leaving them highly susceptible to cold damage during winter. This damage leads to reduction in yield, and economic losses.

[0006] International patent application no. WO 95/15387 (Calgene Inc.) describes a jojoba elongase cDNA sequence as well as other condensing enzyme clones from leaves and seeds of Brassicus napus, Arabidopsis, Lunaria and Nasturtium, for use in modifying the composition of very long chain fatty acid molecules in plant cells. The promoter of the elongase cDNA sequence is not disclosed.

[0007] International patent application no. WO 96/13582 (DNA Plant Technology Corp.) describes the isolation and sequencing of the Fatty Acid Elongase (FAE) 1 gene from Arabidopsis and Brassicus napus immature embryos. Whilst these partial cDNA sequences have been available for some time, no one has yet successfully isolated the FAE1 promoter.

[0008] The present invention aims to overcome or ameliorate the problems associated with seed oil manipulation in plants, by the provision of promoter sequences of seed specific enzymes in the lipid biosynthetic pathway. Such promoter sequences enable co-regulation of the transgene with the entire oil biosynthesis pathway, thus ensuring appropriate control of the transgene by factors which influence the oil biosynthesis.

[0009] Thus, in a first aspect there is provided a recombinant or isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of a promoter which is

[0010] (i) the BnFAE1-1 promoter sequence as shown in FIG. 1 or 3;

[0011] (ii) the BnFAE1-2 promoter sequence as shown in FIG. 2 or 4;

[0012] (iii) the AtFAE1 promoter sequence as shown in FIG. 5;

[0013] (iv) a promoter sequence which naturally regulates expression of a coding sequence which is substantially identical to the sequences of FIG. 8 or 9;

[0014] (v) a sequence which hybridises under stringent conditions to the complement of any one of (i) to (iv).

[0015] The coding sequence of the BnFAE1-1, BnFAE1-2 and AtFAE1 genes are shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 respectively, where the coding sequences start at the first ATG codon.

[0016] The denotion “FAE1” has been made in order to be consistent with publications in the art. For the avoidance of doubt, FAE1-1 and FAE1-2 correspond to FAE1 and FAE2 of the earlier application, GB0031558.0.

[0017] Such promoters have the advantage that they are both seed specific, meaning that they drive expression in the seeds of a plant only, and are temporally specific for oil biosynthesis. That is to say, in the context of the present invention, the promoters drive expression throughout the period of oil biosynthesis.

[0018] The period of biosynthesis pathway includes at least the period of oil accumulation in the seed, and preferably also includes the process of oil modification. The period of oil accumulation may be determined by time-course experiments during seed development using well established biochemical methods, such as GLC (gas-liquid chromatography) to monitor oil accumulation.

[0019] Use of these promoter sequences in oil manipulation will allow a tighter control of transgene expression and improved co-ordination with oil biosynthesis in seeds. This will enable potentiation of transgene activity whilst avoiding ectopic expression.

[0020] In the context of the present invention the term “substantially identical” means that said sequence has a greater degree of identity with any of the sequences described herein than with prior art nucleic acid sequences. Preferably, sequences which have substantial identity have at least 50% sequence identity, desirably at least 75% sequence identity and more desirably at least 90 or at least 95% sequence identity with said sequences. In some cases the sequence identity may be 99% or above.

[0021] “% identity”, as known in the art, is a measure of the relationship between two polypeptide sequences or two polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing their sequences. In general, the two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. The alignment of the two sequences is examined and the number of positions giving an exact amino acid or nucleotide correspondence between the two sequences determined, divided by the total length of the alignment and multiplied by 100 to give a % identity figure. This % identity figure may be determined over the whole length of the sequences to be compared, which is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or very similar length and which are highly homologous, or over shorter defined lengths, which is more suitable for sequences of unequal length or which have a lower level of homology.

[0022] Methods for comparing the identity of two or more sequences are well known in the art. Thus for instance, programs available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux J et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:387-395, 1984, available from Genetics Computer Group, Maidson, Wis., USA), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polynucleotides and the % identity between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the “local homology” algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics, 2:482-489, 1981) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences. BESTFIT is more suited to comparing two polynucleotide or two polypeptide sequences which are dissimilar in length, the program assuming that the shorter sequence represents a portion of the longer. In comparison, GAP aligns two sequences finding a “maximum similarity” according to the algorithm of Neddleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-354, 1970). GAP is more suited to comparing sequences which are approximately the same length and an alignment is expected over the entire length. Preferably, the parameters “Gap Weight” and “Length Weight” used in each program are 50 and 3 for polynucleotide sequences and 12 and 4 for polypeptide sequences, respectively. Preferably, % identities and similarities are determined when the two sequences being compared are optimally aligned.

[0023] Other programs for determining identity and/or similarity between sequences are also known in the art, for instance the BLAST family of programs (Altschul S. F. et al, J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410, 1990, Altschul S. F. et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:289-3402, 1997, available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCB), Bethesda, Md., USA and accessible through the home page of the NCBI at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and FASTA (Pearson W. R. and Lipman D. J., Proc. Nat. Acac. Sci., USA, 85:2444-2448, 1988, available as part of the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package). Preferably, the BLOSUM62 amino acid substitution matrix (Henikoff S. and Henikoff J. G., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 89:10915-10919, 1992) is used in polypeptide sequence comparisons including where nucleotide sequences are first translated into amino acid sequences before comparison.

[0024] Preferably, the program BESTFIT is used to determine the % identity of a query polynucleotide or a polypeptide sequence with respect to a polynucleotide or a polypeptide sequence of the present invention, the query and the reference sequence being optimally aligned and the parameters of the program set at the default value.

[0025] In the context of the present invention “stringent conditions” are defined as those given in Plant genetic Transformation and Gene Expression: A Laboratory Manual, Ed. Draper et al 1988, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p252-255, modified as follows: prehybridization, hybridization and washes at 55-65° C., final washes (with 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS) omitted.

[0026] The stringency of the hybridization interaction (the amount of “mismatch” allowed) can be changed by altering the salt concentration, or the temperature of the hybridization and wash solutions (see Maniatis et al., (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, for details).

[0027] The conditions described in Draper et al. (prehybridization, hybridization and washes at 65° C.; and including the final washes with 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS) correspond to a high stringency. The modifications described [above] i.e. use of lower temperatures, in the range 55-65° C., and omission of the final washes correspond to a moderate stringency. Low stringency conditions may be designed according to the principles noted above and described in detail in Maniatis et al.

[0028] In addition, it is possible to derive essential regulatory elements from the promoters provided herein. Thus, those elements of the promoter sequence responsible for both its function as a promoter and, more importantly, its seed and temporal specificity, can be isolated and incorporated into nucleic acid molecules which, although not falling within the definitions (i) to (iv) above, nonetheless still function in an equivalent manner.

[0029] Therefore, in a second aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant or isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of one or more regulatory elements derived from any one of the sequences (i) to (iv), which are both seed specific and temporally specific for the oil biosynthesis pathway. The nucleic acid molecule of the second aspect may comprise a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of the first aspect, the fragment being at least 15, or more preferably at least 20 nucleotides in length.

[0030] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention are preferably DNA.

[0031] The promoters of the present invention are useful in manipulating oil in plants, in the production of “designer” oils. Thus, they may be used to drive expression of a variety of nucleic acid sequences which code for RNAs or proteins which are involved in the oil biosynthesis pathway, and may therefore influence oil production in plants. Products involved in oil biosynthesis are readily identified, because their absence will have an effect on oil production or composition in the plant. A number of nucleic acids involved in oil biosynthesis are preferred.

[0032] For example, the nucleic acid driven by a promoter of the invention may encode an acyltransferase. Preferably, the acyltransferase will be one which is not native to the plant in which the oil is being produced. Such foreign acyltransferases are used with the aim of generating novel fatty acid distributions in oils, and may include erucic or lauric acid specific LPA-acyltransferases (WO94/13814 and WO97/23618). Other fatty aid modifying enzymes include desaturases, epoxidases, hydroxylases or elongases.

[0033] Nucleic acids which encode enzymes involved in core fatty acid synthesis may be used to influence the amount and distribution of native fatty acids. Examples of such enzymes include acetyl-CoA carboxylase, keto-acyl-ACP synthase and acyl-ACP thioesterase.

[0034] Where foreign enzymes or gene products are introduced with the aim of manipulating oil production in a plant, it is often desirable to down-regulate the corresponding native enzymes. For this purpose, the promoters of the invention may be used to drive antisense sequences of the above mentioned nucleic acids in order to suppress native oil specific genes. The RNA transcribed from antisense DNA is capable of binding to, and destroying the function of, a sense RNA version of the sequence normally found in the cell, thereby disrupting function. For example, antisense acyltransferase may be used in a plant transformed with a specific acyltransferase, or antisense desaturase or thioesterase may be used.

[0035] It is not crucial for the antisense sequence to be transcribed at the time when the native transcript is being produced. Antisense RNA will in general only bind when its' sense complementary strand is present and so will only have its' toxic effect when the sense strand is transcribed.

[0036] The promoters of the invention may also be used in combination with other promoters to prevent the problems of recombination during transformation and silencing of transgenes which may occur when using multiple copies of the same promoter. These problems occur because multiple copies of identical promoters provide identical sequence for recombination. Furthermore, in planta over expression of genes can result in promoter repression.

[0037] Thus, in a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a promoter of (i) to (iv) operatively coupled to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a product involved in oil biosynthesis.

[0038] The nucleic acids of the present invention may be in the form of a vector. Such vectors form an additional aspect of the invention. The vector may be, for example, a plasmid, cosmid or phage. Vectors will frequently include one or more selectable markers to enable selection of cells which have been transfected or transformed and to enable the selection of cells harbouring vectors incorporating heterrologous DNA. Examples of suitable marker genes include antibiotic resistance genes such as those conferring resistance to kanamycin, G418 and hygromycin (npt-II, hyg-B); herbicide resistance genes such as those conferring resistance to phosphinothricin and sulfonamide based herbicides (bar and suI respectively; EP-A-242246, EP-A-0369637) and screenable markers such as beta-glucoronidase (GB2197653), luciferase and green fluorescent protein.

[0039] The marker gene is preferably controlled by a second promoter which allows expression in cells other than the seed, thus allowing selection of cells or tissue containing the marker at any stage of development of the plant. Preferred second promoters are the promoter of nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium and the promoter derived from the gene which encodes the 35S subunit of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) coat protein. However, any other suitable second promoter may be used.

[0040] The nucleic acids of the invention may be introduced into a cell by any suitable means. Preferred means include use of a disarmed Ti-plasmid vector carried by agrobacterium by procedures known in the art, for example as described in EP-A-0 116718 and EP-A-0270822. Alternatively, the nucleic acid may be introduced directly into plant cells using a particle gun. This method is preferred for example where the plant is a monocot. The plant cells of the invention are preferably transgenic, i.e. they comprise foreign genetic material.

[0041] A whole plant can be regenerated from a single transformed plant cell. Thus, in a further aspect the present invention provides transgenic plants (or parts of them, such as material involved in propagation, which may also be transgenic) including nucleic acid sequences in accordance with the invention. The regeneration can proceed by known methods. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more of the plants' native oil biosynthesis enzymes may be rendered inoperative. Preferably, the native enzyme corresponds to the transgene.

[0042] The transgenic plants of the invention may be used in the production of tailored oils, which differ from native oils of the plant, for example in their lipid content or composition. For example, the lipid composition may be altered to produce triacylgycerides with a desired fatty acid (e.g. erucic acid) content. In oilseed rape for example, it may be desired to produce oil whose triacylglyceride has an ericic acid content higher than 70%. Thus, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for producing oil, the method comprising transforming a plant with nucleic acid according to the invention, and extracting the oil from the transferred plant. In yet a further aspect, there is provided oil extracted from a transformed plant of the invention.

[0043] Any plant may be used in the present invention. Preferred plants are those whose seeds are used in the production of oil, for example Brassicus napus, mustards, or other cruciferous plants, linseed, sunflower or soya.

[0044] In final aspects of the present invention, there is provided the use of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention in transforming a host cell, preferably a plant cell, and the use of such a transformed plant in the production of tailored oil.

[0045] Preferred features are for each aspect mutatis mutandis.

[0046] The invention will now be described by way of the following examples, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0047]FIG. 1 shows the DNA sequence of the BnFAE1-1 promoter region from Brassica napus.

[0048]FIG. 2 shows the DNA sequence of the BnFAE1-2 promoter region from Brassica napus.

[0049]FIG. 3 shows the part of the DNA sequence of the BnFAE1-1 promoter region from Brassicus napus amplified for use in the expression studies of the examples.

[0050]FIG. 4 shows the part of the DNA sequence of the BnFAE1-2 promoter region from Brassicus napus amplified for use in the expression studies of the examples.

[0051]FIG. 5 shows the DNA sequence of the AtFAE1 promoter region of Arabidopsis thaliana.

[0052]FIG. 6 shows the GUS expression in leaf, stem, root, embryo and flower of oilseed rape plants transformed with the GUS gene under control of each of the Brassica napus FAE1 promoters.

[0053]FIG. 7 shows the expression pattern of the BnFAE1-1, BnFAE1-2 and AtFAE1 promoters during seed development.

[0054]FIG. 8 shows an alignment of the Brassicus napus FAE1-1 and FAE1-2 coding sequences.

[0055]FIG. 9 shows the coding sequence of the AtFAE1 gene.

EXAMPLE 1

[0056] Isolation of BnFAE1-1 and BnFAE1-2 Promoters

[0057] Starting Material

[0058] Brassica plants (94-He-24) were grown in the glasshouse, and leaf material was collected for DNA extraction using a CTAB extraction protocol.

[0059] TAIL PCR Amplification of B. napus FAE1 and FAE2 Promoter Sequences

[0060] Tail PCR was used to isolate sequence 5′ of the two Brassicus napus FAE1 genes from Brassicus napus DNA. Tail PCR was performed according to the method of Liu et al., The Plant Journal 8 457-483 (1995). Sequence comparison of two B.napus FAE genes (previously isolated in this laboratory) showed extensive homology, and allowed three nested antisense oligonucleotides to be designed, which hybridised to both alleles: BnFAE P1 ^(5′)AAACGGTGAAGGCAAAGAGTGGA^(3′) BnFAE P2 ^(5′)ATGAGGTTGTGTTGGAGATAGG^(3′) BnFAE P3 ^(5′)GATCGTCTATGCTAAGCCGATAG^(3′)

[0061] Two degenerate oligonucleotide primers were also synthesised (Liu et al., Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 16 175-181 (1998)). AD1 ^(5′)NTCGA(G/C)T(A/T)T(G/C)G(A/T)GTT^(3′) AD3 ^(5′)(A/T)GTGNAG(A/T)ANCANAGA^(3′)

[0062] Where N represents any nucleotide.

[0063] Primary TAIL PCR reactions contained 20 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 μM primer P1 plus either 2 μM AD1 or 4 μM AD3, 1 unit Taq polymerase (Gibco BRL), 0.2 mM each dNTP, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, and enzyme buffer as supplied. Temperature cycling used fast ramp rate except where stated:

[0064] 1×(93° C. 1′, 95° C. 1′)

[0065] 5×(95° C. 1′, 62° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′)

[0066] 1×(95° C. 1′, 25° C. 3′, slow ramp rate, 73° C. 2′)

[0067] 15×(2×(95° C. 30″, 68° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′), 95° C. 30″, 44° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′)

[0068] 1×(73° C. 5′, 24° C.)

[0069] Primary reactions were diluted 1:50, before 1 μl was added to the secondary reaction mix containing 0.3 μM primer P2 plus either 1.5 μM AD1 or 2 μM AD3, with other constituents as above. Temperature cycling:

[0070] 12×(2×(95° C. 30″, 64° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′), 95° C. 30″, 44° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′)

[0071] 1×(73° C. 5′, 24° C.)

[0072] Secondary reactions were diluted 1:10, before 1 μl was added to the tertiary reaction mix containing 0.3 μM primer P3 plus either 1.5 μM AD1 or 2 μM AD3, with other constituents as above. Temperature cycling:

[0073] 30×(95° C. 1′, 44° C. 1′, 73° C. 2′

[0074] 1×(73° C. 5′, 24° C.)

[0075] PCR using primer pair P3 and AD1 yielded a 744 bp product, whereas P3 and AD3 yielded a 836 bp product (subsequently identified as derived from FAE1 alleles 2 and 1 respectively). Both PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-T-easy vector (Promega) and 4 candidate clones were sequenced for each product. The sequence revealed 121 bp of 5′ open reading frame from FAE1 alleles 1 and 2, which could be identified by two polymorphisms, in addition to the novel sequence upstream of the translation start sites (FIGS. 1 and 2).

[0076] Using the sequence thus obtained, three further oligonucleotide primers were designed to re-amplify, with proof reading Taq polymerase, the upstream sequences from genomic B.napus DNA. Bn1 sense ^(5′)GCGTCGACGGTCCTCTTATGTGGTGACACGTGG^(3′) Bn2 sense ^(5′)GCGTCGACTAAACTTCCACACATTTG^(3′) Bn1/2 ^(5′)CGGTCGACGTGATGACTCAGTGTGTGTGTCG^(3′) antisense

[0077] The PCR reactions contained 0.2 μM each sense and antisense primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.75 u Pfu Taq polymerase (Promega) with the buffer supplied (which includes 2 mM MgSO₄). Temperature cycling:

[0078] 95° C. 5′, 30×(95° C. 30″, 60° C. 30″, 73° C. 2′), 73° C. 5′, 24° C.

[0079] PCR reactions yielded 661 bp and 626 bp products corresponding to fael alleles 1 and 2, which were cloned into pBluescript II KS(+) (Stratagene) and sequenced (FIGS. 3 and 4).

EXAMPLE 2

[0080] Isolation of AtFAE Promoter

[0081] Starting Material

[0082] DNA was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia by a crude extraction protocol.

[0083] PCR Amplification of Arabidopsis thaliana FAE Promoter

[0084]A.thaliana chromosome 4 BAC clone T4L20 sequence (accession number AL023094) was analysed, and PCR primers designed to amplify the intergenic region between a putative keto acyl-CoA synthase and fatty acid elongase 1. Pfae-F ^(5′)CCGGTCGACATCGATCTTTGAACTCA^(3′) Pfae-R ^(5′)CGTTAACGGACGCCATGGCTCTGTTTG^(3′)

[0085] The PCR reactions contained 20 ng genomic DNA, 0.21 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 2 u Tli Taq polymerase (Promega) with the buffer supplied. Temperature cycling:

[0086] 95° C. 5′, 30×(95° C. 30″, 55° C. 30″, 73° C. 2′), 73° C. 5′, 24° C.

[0087] PCR reactions yielded a 981 bp product, which was cloned into pBluescript II KS(+) (Stratagene) and sequenced (FIG. 5).

EXAMPLE 3

[0088] AtFAE, BnFAE1-1 and BnFAE1-2 Promoters Induce Gene Expression Specifically in Seeds

[0089] To demonstrate the specificity of expression, the three promoter sequences were linked to a GUS reporter gene. Both B.napus FAE1 promoter fragments were excised as SalI-RcaI fragments and cloned between the SalI-NcoI sites of pLH3 (Biogemma UK). Similarly, the A.thaliana FAE1 promoter region was excised as a SalI-NcoI fragment and ligated into the SalI-NcoI sites of pLH3. The three plasmids formed contain the individual promoters upstream of GUS-intron and a Chalcone Synthase polyadenylation termination signal. The two B.napus chimeric P_(BnFAE)-GUS-CHSpolyA cassettes were then excised as HindIII-BglII fragments and cloned into the binary vector pNosNptII-SCV (WO 96/30529) forming pEW22-SCV (P_(BnFAE1-1)), pEW23-SCV (P_(BnFAE1-2)), whereas the corresponding P_(AtFAE1) construct was transferred as a SalI-HindIII fragment into the binary vector, to create pEW16-SCV. These three plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium strain C58pMP90 by electroporation (BioRad Gene Pulser).

[0090] Constructs were transformed into spring oilseed rape using agrobacterial transformation essentially as described in Moloney et al. Plant Cell Reports 8: 238-242 (1989). Twenty-five days after anthesis immature embryos were removed from their seed coats and incubated overnight at 37° C. in the histochemical stain X-glucuronidase. Chlorophyll was removed by washing the tissue in 70% ethanol. Samples of leaf, stem, root and flower were similarly treated, but showed no expression of B-glucuronidase under the control of these promoters. However, immature embryos demonstrated both a range of staining intensity, and variation in the number of embryos which stained positive per line (Table 1, FIG. 6). This is consistent with the known effects of transgene position within the genome, and the number of transgene insertions. TABLE 1 Expression analysis in various organs for the three promoters isolated. Leaf Stem Root Flower Seed P_(BnFAE1-1) − − − − + P_(BnFAE1-2) − − − − + P_(AtFAE1) − − − − +

[0091] Plants which histochemically tested positive were analysed in more detail. Embryos were isolated throughout their development between 15 and 60 days after anthesis and stored at −80° C. Ten embryos were ground up and the level of B-glucuronidase activity determined by fluorometric assay, using the substrate 4-methyl umbelliferyl glucuronide (MUG), essentially as described in Gallagher, GUS protocols: using the GUS gene as a reporter of gene expression. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA 1992. Enzyme activities were calculated on a nmol MU/min /seed basis. Raw kinetics data was applied to a sigmoidal curve; both timing and level of expression were analysed (FIG. 7).

[0092] Significant differences in GUS expression were observed. Crucially, P_(BnFAE1-1) and P_(AtFAE1) reached their half maximal activity at 26.84 and 27.77 days after anthesis, in comparison with the previously described P_(napin) (Calgene Inc., EP 0 255 278 B1) at 31.73 days (S.D. 1.94, 1.98 and 4.44 d respectively). However, the total level of expression (Vmax) is reduced by approximately 70% of P_(napin). Incomplete data from one plant transformed with P_(BnFAE1-2) shows a similar decrease in total activity, but its timing is closer to P_(napin) at 31.4 days. Further analysis of other P_(BnFAE1-2)-GUS lines is currently being carried out.

1 18 1 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 1 aaacggtgaa ggcaaagagt gga 23 2 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 2 atgaggttgt gttggagata gg 22 3 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 3 gatcgtctat ggtaagccga tag 23 4 15 DNA Artificial Sequence primer 4 ntcgastwts gwgtt 15 5 16 DNA Artificial Sequence primer 5 wgtgnagwan canaga 16 6 33 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 6 gcgtcgacgg tcctcttatg tggtgacacg tgg 33 7 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 7 gcgtcgacta aacttccaca catttg 26 8 31 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 8 cggtcgacgt catgactcag tgtgtgtgtc g 31 9 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 9 ccggtcgaca tcgatctttg aactca 26 10 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 10 cgttaacgga cgccatggct ctgtttg 27 11 836 DNA Brassica napus primer_bind (1)..(16) Hybridises to degenerate primer AD3 11 agtggagaaa cagagaacac gagaaataat gagaaagaga acaaaagaaa aaaaaaataa 60 aaataaaaat aaaatttggt cctcttatgt ggtgacacgt ggtttgaaac ccaccaaata 120 atcgatcaca aaaaacctaa gttaaggatc ggtaataacc tttctaatta attttgattt 180 aattaaatca ctccttttat ttataaaccc cactaaatta tgcgatattg attgtctaag 240 tacaaaaatt ctctcgaatt caatacacat gtttcatata tttagccctg ttcatttaat 300 attactagcg catttttaat ttaaaatttt gtaaactttt ttggtcaaag aacatttttt 360 taattagaga cagaaatcta gactctttat ttggaataat agtaataaag atatattagg 420 caatgagttt atgatgttat gtttatatag tttatttcat tttaaattga aaagcattat 480 ttttatcgaa atgaatctag tatacaatca atatttatgt tttttcatca gatactttcc 540 tattttttgg cacctttcat cggactactg atttatttca atgtgtatgc atgcatgagc 600 atgagtatac acatgtcttt taaaatgcat gtaaagcgta acggaccaca aaagaggatc 660 catacaaata catctcatcg cttcctctac tattctacga cacacacact gagcaatgac 720 gtccattaac gtaaagctcc tttaccatta cgtcataacc aaccttttca acctttgttt 780 ctttccatta acggcgatcg tcgccggaaa agcctatcgg cttaccatag acgatc 836 12 744 DNA Brassica napus primer_bind (1)..(15) Hybridises to degenerate primer AD1 12 atcgactatc gtgttggcct taactaaact tccacacatt tgtttactga tattcgagta 60 taaacttgcg gaaaaactca ttcccgagaa acactgatcc cataattagt cagagtctat 120 atatgtcggt ttagcctatc attgctaagt acaaaaattc tctcgaattc aatacacatg 180 tttcatatat ttagccctgt tcatttaata ttactagcgc atttttaatt taaaaatttg 240 taaacttttt tggtcaaaga acattttgta attagagaca gaaatctaga ctctttattt 300 ggaataataa taataaagaa gatattttgg gcaatgaatt tatgatgtta tgtttatata 360 gtttatttca ttttaaattg aaaagcatta tttttatcga aatgaatcta gtatacaata 420 tatttgtttt tttcatcaga tactttccta ttttttggca cctttcatcg gactactgat 480 ttatttcaat gtgtatgcat gcatgagcat gagtatacac atgtctytaa aaatgcatgt 540 aaagtgtaac ggaccacaaa agaggatcca tacaaataca tctcatcgct tccattacta 600 ttctccgaca cacacactga gcaatgacgt ccgttaacgt aaagctcctt taccattacg 660 tcataaccaa ccttttcaac ctttgcttct ttccgttaac ggcgatcgtc gcsgraaarc 720 gctatcggct taccatagac gatc 744 13 654 DNA Brassica napus 13 gtcgacggtc ctcttatgtg gtgacacgtg gtttgaaacc caccaaataa tcgatcacaa 60 aaaacctaag ttaaggatcg gtaataacct ttctaattaa ttttgattta attaaatcac 120 tctttttatt tataaacccc actaaattat gcgatattga ttgtctaagt acaaaaattc 180 tctcgaattc aatacacatg tttcatatat tagccctgtt catttaatat tactagcgca 240 tttttaattt aaaattttgt aaactttttt ggtcaaagaa cattttttta attagagaca 300 gaaatctaga ctctttattt ggaataatag taataaagat atattaggca atgagtttat 360 gatgttatgt ttatatagtt tatttcattt taaattgaaa agcattattt ttatcgaaat 420 gaatctagta tacaatcaat atttatgttt tttcatcaga tactttccta ttttttggca 480 cctttcatcg gactactgat ttatttcaat gtgtatgcat gcatgagcat gagtatacac 540 atgtctttta aaatgcatgt aaagcgtaac ggaccacaaa agaggatcca tacaaataca 600 tctcatcgct tcctctacta ttctccgaca cacacactga gtcatgacgt cgac 654 14 616 DNA Brassica napus 14 gtcgactaaa cttccacaca tttgtttact gatattcgag tataaacttg cggaaaaact 60 cattcccaag aaacactgat cccataatta gtcagagtct atatatgtcg gtttagccta 120 tcattgctaa gtacaaaaat tctctcgaat tcaatacaca tgtttcatat atttagccct 180 gttcatttaa tattactagc gcatttttaa tttaaaaatt tgtaaacttt tttggtcaaa 240 gaacattttg taattagaga cagaaatcta gactctttat ttggaataat aataataaag 300 aagatatttt gggcaatgaa tttatgatgt tatgtttata tagtttattt cattttaaat 360 tgaaaagcat tatttttatc gaaatgaatc tagtatacaa tatatttgtt tttttcatca 420 gatactttcc tattttttgg cacctttcat cggactactg atttatttca atgtgtatgc 480 atgcatgagc atgagtatac acatgtcttt aaaaatgcat gtaaagtgta acggaccaca 540 aaagaggatc catacaaata catctcatcg cttccattac tattctccga cacacacact 600 gagtcatgac gtcgac 616 15 982 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 15 ccggtcgaca tcgatctttg aactcataaa aactagtaga ttggttggtt ggtttccatg 60 taccagaagg cttaccctat tagttgaaag ttgaaacttt gttccctact caattcctag 120 ttgtgtaaat gtatgtatat gtaatgtgta taaaacgtag tacttaaatg actaggagtg 180 gttcttgaga ccgatgagag atgggagcag aactaaagat gatgacataa ttaagaacga 240 atttgaaagg ctcttaggtt tgaatcctat tcgagaatgt ttttgtcaaa gatagtggcg 300 attttgaacc aaagaaaaca tttaaaaaat cagtatccgg ttacgttcat gcaaatagaa 360 agtggtctag gatctgattg taattttaga cttaaagagt ctcttaagat tcaatcctgg 420 ctgtgtacaa aactacaaat aatatatttt agactatttg gccttaacta aacttccact 480 cattatttac tgaggttaga gaatagactt gcgaataaac acattcccga gaaatactca 540 tgatcccata attagtcaga gggtatgcca atcagatcta agaacacaca ttccctcaaa 600 ttttaatgca catgtaatca tagtttagca caattcaaaa ataatgtagt attaaagaca 660 gaaatttgta gacttttttt tggcgttaaa agaagactaa gtttatacgt acattttatt 720 ttaagtggaa aaccgaaatt ttccatcgaa atatatgaat ttagtatata tatttctgca 780 atgtactatt ttgctatttt ggcaactttc agtggactac tactttatta caatgtgtat 840 ggatgcatga gtttgagtat acacatgtct aaatgcatgc tttgtaaaac gtaacggacc 900 acaaaagagg atccatacaa atacatctca tagcttcctc cattattttc cgacacaaac 960 agagccatgg cgtccgttaa cg 982 16 1524 DNA Brassica napus 16 atgacgtcca ttaacgtaaa gctcctttac cattacgtca taaccaacct tttcaacctt 60 tgtttctttc cattaacggc gatcgtcgcc ggaaaagcct atcggcttac catagacgat 120 cttcaccact tatactattc ctatctccaa cacaacctca taaccattgc tccactcttt 180 gccttcaccg ttttcggttc ggttctctac atcgcaaccc ggcccaaacc ggtttacctc 240 gttgagtact catgctacct tccaccaacg cattgtagat caagtatctc caaggtcatg 300 gatatctttt accaagtaag aaaagctgat ccttctcgga acggcacgtg cgatgactcg 360 tcctggcttg acttcttgag gaagattcaa gaacgttcag gtctaggcga tgaaacccac 420 gggcccgagg ggctgcttca ggtccctccc cggaagactt ttgcggcggc gcgtgaagag 480 acggagcaag ttatcattgg tgcgctagaa aatctattca agaacaccaa tgttaaccct 540 aaagatatag gtatacttgt ggtgaactca agcatgttta atccaactcc ttcgctctcc 600 gcgatggtcg ttaacacttt caagctccga agcaacgtaa gaagctttaa ccttggtggc 660 atgggttgta gtgccggcgt tatagccatt gatctagcaa aggacttgtt gcatgtccat 720 aaaaatacgt atgctcttgt ggtgagcaca gagaacatca cttataacat ttacgctggt 780 gataataggt ccatgatggt ttcaaattgc ttgttccgtg ttggtggggc cgctattttg 840 ctctccaaca agcctagaga tcgtagacgg tccaagtacg agctagttca cacggttcga 900 acgcataccg gagctgacga caagtctttt cgttgcgtgc aacaaggaga cgatgagaac 960 ggcaaaaccg gagtgagttt gtccaaggac ataaccgatg ttgctggtcg aacggttaag 1020 aaaaacatag caacgctggg tccgttgatt cttccgttaa gcgagaaact tctttttttc 1080 gttaccttca tgggcaagaa acttttcaaa gacaaaatca aacattatta cgtcccggac 1140 ttcaagcttg ctatcgacca tttttgtata catgccggag gcaaagccgt gattgatgtg 1200 ctagagaaga acctaggcct agcaccgatc gatgtagagg catcaagatc aacgttacat 1260 agatttggaa acacttcatc tagctcaata tggtatgagt tggcatacat agaagcaaaa 1320 ggaaggatga agaaaggtaa taaagtttgg cagattgctt tagggtcagg ctttaagtgt 1380 aacagtgcag tttgggtggc tctaaacaat gtcaaagctt caacaaatag tccttgggaa 1440 cactgcatcg acagataccc ggttaaaatt gattctgatt caggtaagtc agagactcgt 1500 gtccaaaacg gtcggtccta ataa 1524 17 1524 DNA Brassica napus 17 atgacgtcca ttaacgtaaa gctcctttac cattacgtca taaccaacct tttcaacctt 60 tgcttctttc cgttaacggc gatcgtcgcc ggaaaagcct atcggcttac catagacgat 120 cttcaccact tatactattc ctatctccaa cacaacctca taaccatcgc tccactcttt 180 gccttcaccg ttttcggttc ggttctctac atcgcaaccc ggcccaaacc ggtttacctc 240 gttgagtact catgctacct tccaccaacg cattgtagat caagtatctc caaggtcatg 300 gatatctttt atcaagtaag aaaagctgat ccttctcgga acggcacgtg cgatgactcg 360 tcgtggcttg acttcttgag gaagattcaa gaacgttcag gtctaggcga tgaaactcac 420 gggcccgagg ggctgcttca ggtccctccc cggaagactt ttgcggcggc gcgtgaagag 480 acggagcaag ttatcattgg tgcactagaa aatctattca agaacaccaa cgttaaccct 540 aaagatatag gtatacttgt ggtgaactca agcatgttta atccaactcc atcgctctcc 600 gcgatggtcg ttaacacttt caagctccga agcaacgtaa gaagctttaa ccttggtggc 660 atgggttgta gtgccggcgt tatagccatt gatctagcaa aggacttgtt gcatgtccat 720 aaaaatacgt atgctcttgt ggtgagcaca gagaacatca cttataacat ttacgctggt 780 gataataggt ccatgatggt ttcaaattgc ttgttccgtg ttggtggggc cgctattttg 840 ctctccaaca agcctggaga tcgtagacgg tccaagtacg agctagttca cacggttcga 900 acgcataccg gagctgacga caagtctttt cgttgcgtgc aacaaggaga cgatgagaac 960 ggcaaaatcg gagtgagttt gtccaaggac ataaccgatg ttgctggtcg aacggttaag 1020 aaaaacatag caacgttggg tccgttgatt cttccgttaa gcgagaaact tctttttttc 1080 gttaccttca tgggcaagaa acttttcaaa gataaaatca aacattacta cgtcccggat 1140 ttcaaacttg ctattgacca tttttgtata catgccggag gcagagccgt gattgatgtg 1200 ctagagaaga acctagccct agcaccgatc gatgtagagg catcaagatc aacgttacat 1260 agatttggaa acacttcatc tagctcaata tggtatgagt tggcatacat agaagcaaaa 1320 ggaaggatga agaaaggtaa taaagtttgg cagattgctt tagggtcagg ctttaagtgt 1380 aacagtgcag tttgggtggc tctaaacaat gtcaaagctt cgacaaatag tccttgggaa 1440 cactgcatcg acagataccc ggtcaaaatt gattctgatt caggtaagtc agagactcgt 1500 gtccaaaacg gtcggtccta ataa 1524 18 1521 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 18 atgacgtccg ttaacgttaa gctcctttac cgttacgtct taaccaactt tttcaacctc 60 tgtttgttcc cgttaacggc gttcctcgcc ggaaaagcct ctcggcttac cataaacgat 120 ctccacaact tcctttccta tctccaacac aaccttataa cagtaacttt actctttgct 180 ttcactgttt tcggtttggt tctctacatc gtaacccgac ccaatccggt ttatctcgtt 240 gactactcgt gttaccttcc accaccgcat ctcaaagtta gtgtctctaa agtcatggat 300 attttctacc aaataagaaa agctgatact tcttcacgga acgtggcatg tgatgatccg 360 tcctcgctcg atttcctgag gaagattcaa gagcgttcag gtctaggtga tgagacgtac 420 agtcctgagg gactcattca cgtaccaccg cggaagactt ttgcagcgtc acgtgaagag 480 acagagaagg ttatcatcgg tgcgctcgaa aatctattcg agaacaccaa agttaaccct 540 agagagattg gtatacttgt ggtgaactca agcatgttta atccaactcc ttcgctatcc 600 gctatggtcg ttaatacttt caagctccga agcaacatca aaagctttaa tctaggagga 660 atgggttgta gtgctggtgt tattgccatt gatttggcta aagacttgtt gcatgttcat 720 aaaaacactt atgctcttgt ggtgagcact gagaacatca cacaaggcat ttatgctgga 780 gaaaatagat caatgatggt tagcaattgc ttgtttcgtg ttggtggggc cgcgattttg 840 ctctctaaca agtcgggaga ccggagacgg tccaagtaca agctagttca cacggtccga 900 acgcatactg gagctgatga caagtctttt cgatgtgtgc aacaagaaga cgatgagagc 960 ggcaaaatcg gagtttgtct gtcaaaggac ataaccaatg ttgcggggac aacacttacg 1020 aaaaatatag caacattggg tccgttgatt cttcctttaa gcgaaaagtt tctttttttc 1080 gctaccttcg tcgccaagaa acttctaaag gataaaatca agcattacta tgttccggat 1140 ttcaagcttg ctgttgacca tttctgtatt catgccggag gcagagccgt gatcgatgag 1200 ctagagaaga acttaggact atcgccgatc gatgtggagg catctagatc aacgttacat 1260 agatttggga atacttcatc tagctcaatt tggtatgaat tagcatacat agaggcaaag 1320 ggaagaatga agaaagggaa taaagcttgg cagattgctt taggatcagg gtttaagtgt 1380 aatagtgcgg tttgggtggc tctacgcaat gtcaaggcat cggcaaatag tccttggcaa 1440 cattgcatcg atagatatcc ggttaaaatt gattctgatt tgtcaaagtc aaagactcat 1500 gtccaaaacg gtcggtccta a 1521 

1. A recombinant or isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of a promoter which is (i) the FAE1-1 promoter sequence as shown in FIG. 1 or 3; (ii) the FAE1-2 promoter sequence as shown in FIG. 2 or 4; (iii) the FAE1-1 promoter sequence shown in FIG. 5; (iv) a promoter sequence which naturally regulates expression of a coding sequence which is substantially identical to the sequences of FIG. 8 or 9; (v) a sequence which hybridises under stringent conditions to the complement of any one of (i) to (iv).
 2. A recombinant or isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of one or more regulatory elements derived from any one of the sequences (i) to (iv) which is both seed specific and temporally specific for the oil biosynthesis pathway.
 3. A nucleic acid molecule as claimed in claim 1 or 2 which is a DNA molecule.
 4. A nucleic acid molecule as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 which further comprises nucleic acid which encodes a product involved in the oil biosynthesis pathway.
 5. A nucleic acid molecule as claimed in claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid encodes an acyltransferase, desaturase, epoxidase, hydroxylase, elongase, carboxylase, synthase or thioesterase, or a sequence antisense thereto.
 6. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule as defined in any one of claims 1 to
 5. 7. A host cell transformed with a vector as defined in claim
 6. 8. A host cell as claimed in claim 7 which is a plant cell.
 9. A host cell as claimed in claim 8 which is a monocot plant cell.
 10. A plant comprising one or more plant cells as defined in claim 8 or claim
 9. 11. The use of a nucleic acid molecule as defined in any one of claims 1 to 5 in transforming a host cell, preferably a plant cell and more preferably a monocot plant cell.
 12. A plant according to claim 8 or 9 which is Brassicus napus, mustards or other cruciferous plants, sunflower or soya.
 13. The use of a plant according to claim 10 in the production of oil.
 14. A method of producing oil, comprising transforming a plant with nucleic acid according to any one of claims 1 to 5, and extracting the oil from the transformed plant.
 15. Oil produced according to the method of claim
 14. 